Templates

A template is a file on disk which can be used to render dynamic data provided by a view. Pyramid offers a number of ways to perform templating tasks out of the box, and provides add-on templating support through a set of bindings packages.

Out of the box, Pyramid provides templating via the Chameleon and Mako templating libraries. Chameleon provides support for two different types of templates: ZPT templates, and text templates.

Before discussing how built-in templates are used in detail, we’ll discuss two ways to render templates within Pyramid in general: directly, and via renderer configuration.

Using Templates Directly

The most straightforward way to use a template within Pyramid is to cause it to be rendered directly within a view callable. You may use whatever API is supplied by a given templating engine to do so.

Pyramid provides various APIs that allow you to render templates directly from within a view callable. For example, if there is a Chameleon ZPT template named foo.pt in a directory named templates in your application, you can render the template from within the body of a view callable like so:

from pyramid.renderers import render_to_response

def sample_view(request):
    return render_to_response('templates/foo.pt',
                              {'foo':1, 'bar':2},
                              request=request)

Warning

Earlier iterations of this documentation (pre-version-1.3) encouraged the application developer to use ZPT-specific APIs such as pyramid.chameleon_zpt.render_template_to_response() and pyramid.chameleon_zpt.render_template() to render templates directly. This style of rendering still works, but at least for purposes of this documentation, those functions are deprecated. Application developers are encouraged instead to use the functions available in the pyramid.renderers module to perform rendering tasks. This set of functions works to render templates for all renderer extensions registered with Pyramid.

The sample_view view callable function above returns a response object which contains the body of the templates/foo.pt template. In this case, the templates directory should live in the same directory as the module containing the sample_view function. The template author will have the names foo and bar available as top-level names for replacement or comparison purposes.

In the example above, the path templates/foo.pt is relative to the directory containing the file which defines the view configuration. In this case, this is the directory containing the file that defines the sample_view function. Although a renderer path is usually just a simple relative pathname, a path named as a renderer can be absolute, starting with a slash on UNIX or a drive letter prefix on Windows.

Warning

Only Chameleon templates support defining a renderer for a template relative to the location of the module where the view callable is defined. Mako templates, and other templating system bindings work differently. In particular, Mako templates use a “lookup path” as defined by the mako.directories configuration file instead of treating relative paths as relative to the current view module. See Templating With Mako Templates.

The path can alternately be a asset specification in the form some.dotted.package_name:relative/path. This makes it possible to address template assets which live in another package. For example:

from pyramid.renderers import render_to_response

def sample_view(request):
    return render_to_response('mypackage:templates/foo.pt',
                              {'foo':1, 'bar':2},
                              request=request)

An asset specification points at a file within a Python package. In this case, it points at a file named foo.pt within the templates directory of the mypackage package. Using a asset specification instead of a relative template name is usually a good idea, because calls to render_to_response using asset specifications will continue to work properly if you move the code containing them around.

Note

Mako templating system bindings also respect absolute asset specifications as an argument to any of the render* commands. If a template name defines a : (colon) character and is not an absolute path, it is treated as an absolute asset specification.

In the examples above we pass in a keyword argument named request representing the current Pyramid request. Passing a request keyword argument will cause the render_to_response function to supply the renderer with more correct system values (see System Values Used During Rendering), because most of the information required to compose proper system values is present in the request. If your template relies on the name request or context, or if you’ve configured special renderer globals, make sure to pass request as a keyword argument in every call to to a pyramid.renderers.render_* function.

Every view must return a response object, except for views which use a renderer named via view configuration (which we’ll see shortly). The pyramid.renderers.render_to_response() function is a shortcut function that actually returns a response object. This allows the example view above to simply return the result of its call to render_to_response() directly.

Obviously not all APIs you might call to get response data will return a response object. For example, you might render one or more templates to a string that you want to use as response data. The pyramid.renderers.render() API renders a template to a string. We can manufacture a response object directly, and use that string as the body of the response:

from pyramid.renderers import render
from pyramid.response import Response

def sample_view(request):
    result = render('mypackage:templates/foo.pt',
                    {'foo':1, 'bar':2},
                    request=request)
    response = Response(result)
    return response

Because view callable functions are typically the only code in Pyramid that need to know anything about templates, and because view functions are very simple Python, you can use whatever templating system you’re most comfortable with within Pyramid. Install the templating system, import its API functions into your views module, use those APIs to generate a string, then return that string as the body of a Pyramid Response object.

For example, here’s an example of using “raw” Mako from within a Pyramid view:

from mako.template import Template
from pyramid.response import Response

def make_view(request):
    template = Template(filename='/templates/template.mak')
    result = template.render(name=request.params['name'])
    response = Response(result)
    return response

You probably wouldn’t use this particular snippet in a project, because it’s easier to use the Mako renderer bindings which already exist in Pyramid. But if your favorite templating system is not supported as a renderer extension for Pyramid, you can create your own simple combination as shown above.

Note

If you use third-party templating languages without cooperating Pyramid bindings directly within view callables, the auto-template-reload strategy explained in Automatically Reloading Templates will not be available, nor will the template asset overriding capability explained in Overriding Assets be available, nor will it be possible to use any template using that language as a renderer. However, it’s reasonably easy to write custom templating system binding packages for use under Pyramid so that templates written in the language can be used as renderers. See Adding and Changing Renderers for instructions on how to create your own template renderer and Available Add-On Template System Bindings for example packages.

If you need more control over the status code and content-type, or other response attributes from views that use direct templating, you may set attributes on the response that influence these values.

Here’s an example of changing the content-type and status of the response object returned by render_to_response():

from pyramid.renderers import render_to_response

def sample_view(request):
    response = render_to_response('templates/foo.pt',
                                  {'foo':1, 'bar':2},
                                  request=request)
    response.content_type = 'text/plain'
    response.status_int = 204
    return response

Here’s an example of manufacturing a response object using the result of render() (a string):

from pyramid.renderers import render
from pyramid.response import Response

def sample_view(request):
    result = render('mypackage:templates/foo.pt',
                    {'foo':1, 'bar':2},
                    request=request)
    response = Response(result)
    response.content_type = 'text/plain'
    return response

System Values Used During Rendering

When a template is rendered using render_to_response() or render(), the renderer representing the template will be provided with a number of system values. These values are provided in a dictionary to the renderer and include:

context

The current Pyramid context if request was provided as a keyword argument, or None.

request

The request provided as a keyword argument.

renderer_name

The renderer name used to perform the rendering, e.g. mypackage:templates/foo.pt.

renderer_info

An object implementing the pyramid.interfaces.IRendererInfo interface. Basically, an object with the following attributes: name, package and type.

You can define more values which will be passed to every template executed as a result of rendering by defining renderer globals.

What any particular renderer does with these system values is up to the renderer itself, but most template renderers, including Chameleon and Mako renderers, make these names available as top-level template variables.

Templates Used as Renderers via Configuration

An alternative to using render_to_response() to render templates manually in your view callable code, is to specify the template as a renderer in your view configuration. This can be done with any of the templating languages supported by Pyramid.

To use a renderer via view configuration, specify a template asset specification as the renderer argument, or attribute to the view configuration of a view callable. Then return a dictionary from that view callable. The dictionary items returned by the view callable will be made available to the renderer template as top-level names.

The association of a template as a renderer for a view configuration makes it possible to replace code within a view callable that handles the rendering of a template.

Here’s an example of using a view_config decorator to specify a view configuration that names a template renderer:

from pyramid.view import view_config

@view_config(renderer='templates/foo.pt')
def my_view(request):
    return {'foo':1, 'bar':2}

Note

You do not need to supply the request value as a key in the dictionary result returned from a renderer-configured view callable. Pyramid automatically supplies this value for you so that the “most correct” system values are provided to the renderer.

Warning

The renderer argument to the @view_config configuration decorator shown above is the template path. In the example above, the path templates/foo.pt is relative. Relative to what, you ask? Because we’re using a Chameleon renderer, it means “relative to the directory in which the file which defines the view configuration lives”. In this case, this is the directory containing the file that defines the my_view function. View-configuration-relative asset specifications work only in Chameleon, not in Mako templates.

Similar renderer configuration can be done imperatively. See Writing View Callables Which Use a Renderer. See also Built-In Renderers.

Although a renderer path is usually just a simple relative pathname, a path named as a renderer can be absolute, starting with a slash on UNIX or a drive letter prefix on Windows. The path can alternately be an asset specification in the form some.dotted.package_name:relative/path, making it possible to address template assets which live in another package.

Not just any template from any arbitrary templating system may be used as a renderer. Bindings must exist specifically for Pyramid to use a templating language template as a renderer. Currently, Pyramid has built-in support for two Chameleon templating languages: ZPT and text, and the Mako templating system. See Built-In Renderers for a discussion of their details. Pyramid also supports the use of Jinja2 templates as renderers. See Available Add-On Template System Bindings.

Why Use A Renderer via View Configuration

Using a renderer in view configuration is usually a better way to render templates than using any rendering API directly from within a view callable because it makes the view callable more unit-testable. Views which use templating or rendering APIs directly must return a Response object. Making testing assertions about response objects is typically an indirect process, because it means that your test code often needs to somehow parse information out of the response body (often HTML). View callables configured with renderers externally via view configuration typically return a dictionary, as above. Making assertions about results returned in a dictionary is almost always more direct and straightforward than needing to parse HTML.

By default, views rendered via a template renderer return a Response object which has a status code of 200 OK, and a content-type of text/html. To vary attributes of the response of a view that uses a renderer, such as the content-type, headers, or status attributes, you must use the API of the pyramid.response.Response object exposed as request.response within the view before returning the dictionary. See Varying Attributes of Rendered Responses for more information.

The same set of system values are provided to templates rendered via a renderer view configuration as those provided to templates rendered imperatively. See System Values Used During Rendering.

Chameleon ZPT Templates

Like Zope, Pyramid uses ZPT (Zope Page Templates) as its default templating language. However, Pyramid uses a different implementation of the ZPT specification than Zope does: the Chameleon templating engine. The Chameleon engine complies largely with the Zope Page Template template specification. However, it is significantly faster.

The language definition documentation for Chameleon ZPT-style templates is available from the Chameleon website.

Warning

Chameleon only works on CPython platforms and Google App Engine. On Jython and other non-CPython platforms, you should use Mako (see Templating With Mako Templates) or pyramid_jinja2 instead. See Available Add-On Template System Bindings.

Given a Chameleon ZPT template named foo.pt in a directory in your application named templates, you can render the template as a renderer like so:

from pyramid.view import view_config

@view_config(renderer='templates/foo.pt')
def my_view(request):
    return {'foo':1, 'bar':2}

See also Built-In Renderers for more general information about renderers, including Chameleon ZPT renderers.

A Sample ZPT Template

Here’s what a simple Chameleon ZPT template used under Pyramid might look like:

 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
     "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
       xmlns:tal="http://xml.zope.org/namespaces/tal">
 <head>
     <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
     <title>${project} Application</title>
 </head>
   <body>
      <h1 class="title">Welcome to <code>${project}</code>, an
       application generated by the <a
       href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/current/"
      >pyramid</a> web
       application framework.</h1>
   </body>
 </html>

Note the use of Genshi -style ${replacements} above. This is one of the ways that Chameleon ZPT differs from standard ZPT. The above template expects to find a project key in the set of keywords passed in to it via render() or render_to_response(). Typical ZPT attribute-based syntax (e.g. tal:content and tal:replace) also works in these templates.

Using ZPT Macros in Pyramid

When a renderer is used to render a template, Pyramid makes at least two top-level names available to the template by default: context and request. One of the common needs in ZPT-based templates is to use one template’s “macros” from within a different template. In Zope, this is typically handled by retrieving the template from the context. But the context in Pyramid is a resource object, and templates cannot usually be retrieved from resources. To use macros in Pyramid, you need to make the macro template itself available to the rendered template by passing the macro template, or even the macro itself, into the rendered template. To do this you can use the pyramid.renderers.get_renderer() API to retrieve the macro template, and pass it into the template being rendered via the dictionary returned by the view. For example, using a view configuration via a view_config decorator that uses a renderer:

from pyramid.renderers import get_renderer
from pyramid.view import view_config

@view_config(renderer='templates/mytemplate.pt')
def my_view(request):
    main = get_renderer('templates/master.pt').implementation()
    return {'main':main}

Where templates/master.pt might look like so:

 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
       xmlns:tal="http://xml.zope.org/namespaces/tal"
       xmlns:metal="http://xml.zope.org/namespaces/metal">
   <span metal:define-macro="hello">
     <h1>
       Hello <span metal:define-slot="name">Fred</span>!
     </h1>
   </span>
 </html>

And templates/mytemplate.pt might look like so:

 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
       xmlns:tal="http://xml.zope.org/namespaces/tal"
       xmlns:metal="http://xml.zope.org/namespaces/metal">
   <span metal:use-macro="main.macros['hello']">
     <span metal:fill-slot="name">Chris</span>
   </span>
 </html>

Templating with Chameleon Text Templates

Pyramid also allows for the use of templates which are composed entirely of non-XML text via Chameleon. To do so, you can create templates that are entirely composed of text except for ${name} -style substitution points.

Here’s an example usage of a Chameleon text template. Create a file on disk named mytemplate.txt in your project’s templates directory with the following contents:

Hello, ${name}!

Then in your project’s views.py module, you can create a view which renders this template:

from pyramid.view import view_config

@view_config(renderer='templates/mytemplate.txt')
def my_view(request):
    return {'name':'world'}

When the template is rendered, it will show:

Hello, world!

If you’d rather use templates directly within a view callable (without the indirection of using a renderer), see pyramid.chameleon_text for the API description.

See also Built-In Renderers for more general information about renderers, including Chameleon text renderers.

Side Effects of Rendering a Chameleon Template

When a Chameleon template is rendered from a file, the templating engine writes a file in the same directory as the template file itself as a kind of cache, in order to do less work the next time the template needs to be read from disk. If you see “strange” .py files showing up in your templates directory (or otherwise directly “next” to your templates), it is due to this feature.

If you’re using a version control system such as Subversion, you should configure it to ignore these files. Here’s the contents of the author’s svn propedit svn:ignore . in each of my templates directories.

*.pt.py
*.txt.py

Note that I always name my Chameleon ZPT template files with a .pt extension and my Chameleon text template files with a .txt extension so that these svn:ignore patterns work.

Nicer Exceptions in Chameleon Templates

The exceptions raised by Chameleon templates when a rendering fails are sometimes less than helpful. Pyramid allows you to configure your application development environment so that exceptions generated by Chameleon during template compilation and execution will contain nicer debugging information.

Warning

Template-debugging behavior is not recommended for production sites as it slows renderings; it’s usually only desirable during development.

In order to turn on template exception debugging, you can use an environment variable setting or a configuration file setting.

To use an environment variable, start your application under a shell using the PYRAMID_DEBUG_TEMPLATES operating system environment variable set to 1, For example:

$ PYRAMID_DEBUG_TEMPLATES=1 bin/paster serve myproject.ini

To use a setting in the application .ini file for the same purpose, set the pyramid.debug_templates key to true within the application’s configuration section, e.g.:

[app:main]
use = egg:MyProject
pyramid.debug_templates = true

With template debugging off, a NameError exception resulting from rendering a template with an undefined variable (e.g. ${wrong}) might end like this:

File "...", in __getitem__
  raise NameError(key)
NameError: wrong

Note that the exception has no information about which template was being rendered when the error occured. But with template debugging on, an exception resulting from the same problem might end like so:

RuntimeError: Caught exception rendering template.
 - Expression: ``wrong``
 - Filename:   /home/fred/env/proj/proj/templates/mytemplate.pt
 - Arguments:  renderer_name: proj:templates/mytemplate.pt
               template: <PageTemplateFile - at 0x1d2ecf0>
               xincludes: <XIncludes - at 0x1d3a130>
               request: <Request - at 0x1d2ecd0>
               project: proj
               macros: <Macros - at 0x1d3aed0>
               context: <MyResource None at 0x1d39130>
               view: <function my_view at 0x1d23570>

NameError: wrong

The latter tells you which template the error occurred in, as well as displaying the arguments passed to the template itself.

Note

Turning on pyramid.debug_templates has the same effect as using the Chameleon environment variable CHAMELEON_DEBUG. See Chameleon Environment Variables for more information.

Chameleon Template Internationalization

See Chameleon Template Support for Translation Strings for information about supporting internationalized units of text within Chameleon templates.

Templating With Mako Templates

Mako is a templating system written by Mike Bayer. Pyramid has built-in bindings for the Mako templating system. The language definition documentation for Mako templates is available from the Mako website.

To use a Mako template, given a Mako template file named foo.mak in the templates subdirectory in your application package named mypackage, you can configure the template as a renderer like so:

from pyramid.view import view_config

@view_config(renderer='foo.mak')
def my_view(request):
    return {'project':'my project'}

For the above view callable to work, the following setting needs to be present in the application stanza of your configuration’s ini file:

mako.directories = mypackage:templates

This lets the Mako templating system know that it should look for templates in the templates subdirectory of the mypackage Python package. See Mako Template Render Settings for more information about the mako.directories setting and other Mako-related settings that can be placed into the application’s ini file.

A Sample Mako Template

Here’s what a simple Mako template used under Pyramid might look like:

 <html>
 <head>
     <title>${project} Application</title>
 </head>
   <body>
      <h1 class="title">Welcome to <code>${project}</code>, an
       application generated by the <a
       href="http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/current/"
      >pyramid</a> web application framework.</h1>
   </body>
 </html>

This template doesn’t use any advanced features of Mako, only the ${} replacement syntax for names that are passed in as renderer globals. See the the Mako documentation to use more advanced features.

Automatically Reloading Templates

It’s often convenient to see changes you make to a template file appear immediately without needing to restart the application process. Pyramid allows you to configure your application development environment so that a change to a template will be automatically detected, and the template will be reloaded on the next rendering.

Warning

Auto-template-reload behavior is not recommended for production sites as it slows rendering slightly; it’s usually only desirable during development.

In order to turn on automatic reloading of templates, you can use an environment variable, or a configuration file setting.

To use an environment variable, start your application under a shell using the PYRAMID_RELOAD_TEMPLATES operating system environment variable set to 1, For example:

$ PYRAMID_RELOAD_TEMPLATES=1 bin/paster serve myproject.ini

To use a setting in the application .ini file for the same purpose, set the pyramid.reload_templates key to true within the application’s configuration section, e.g.:

[app:main]
use = egg:MyProject
pyramid.reload_templates = true

Available Add-On Template System Bindings

Jinja2 template bindings are available for Pyramid in the pyramid_jinja2 package. You can get the latest release of this package from the Python package index (pypi).